Example of each step in the automated process. (1) represents the RGB image; (2) and (3) are the corresponding CNN Prediction and the Filtered Prediction; (4) is the Fitted Tree Template fitted to the Filtered Prediction; (5) is the final adjusted and repaired image and (6) is the ground truth for comparison.
Publication: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Abstract: Training of convolutional neural networks for semantic segmentation of fruit tree branches requires accurate pixel-wise labeling which requires large amounts of human effort. The human-in-the-loop method, where a human annotator corrects the outputs of a neural network, reduces labeling effort; however, it requires human intervention for each image. This paper describes an iterative training methodology for semantic segmentation, Automating-the-Loop. This aims to replicate the manual adjustments of the human-in-the-loop method with an automated process, hence, drastically reducing labeling effort. Using the application of detecting partially occluded apple tree segmentation, we compare manually labeled annotations, self-training, human-in-the-loop, and Automating-the-Loop methods in both the quality of the trained convolutional neural networks, and the effort needed to create them. The convolutional neural network (U-Net) performance is analyzed using traditional metrics and a new metric, Complete Grid Scan. It is shown that in our application, the new Automating-the-Loop method greatly reduces the labeling effort while producing comparable performance to both human-in-the-loop and complete manual labeling methods.
Bibtex:
@article{granland2020minimizing, title = {Detecting occluded Y-shaped fruit tree segments using automated iterative training with minimal labeling effort}, journal = {Computers and Electronics in Agriculture}, volume = {194}, pages = {106747}, year = {2022}, issn = {0168-1699}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2022.106747}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168169922000643}, author = {Granland, Keenan and Newbury, Rhys and Chen, Zijue and Ting, David and Chen, Chao}, keywords = {Self-Training, Semantic Segmentation, Semi-supervised Learning, Computer Vision, Agricultural Engineering} }