Detecting occluded Y-shaped fruit tree segments using automated iterative training with minimal labeling effort
Granland, Keenan, Newbury, Rhys, Chen, Zijue, Ting, David, and Chen, Chao

Example of each step in the automated process. (1) represents the RGB image; (2) and (3) are the corresponding CNN Prediction and the Filtered Prediction; (4) is the Fitted Tree Template fitted to the Filtered Prediction; (5) is the final adjusted and repaired image and (6) is the ground truth for comparison.

Publication: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture

Abstract: Training of convolutional neural networks for semantic segmentation of fruit tree branches requires accurate pixel-wise labeling which requires large amounts of human effort. The human-in-the-loop method, where a human annotator corrects the outputs of a neural network, reduces labeling effort; however, it requires human intervention for each image. This paper describes an iterative training methodology for semantic segmentation, Automating-the-Loop. This aims to replicate the manual adjustments of the human-in-the-loop method with an automated process, hence, drastically reducing labeling effort. Using the application of detecting partially occluded apple tree segmentation, we compare manually labeled annotations, self-training, human-in-the-loop, and Automating-the-Loop methods in both the quality of the trained convolutional neural networks, and the effort needed to create them. The convolutional neural network (U-Net) performance is analyzed using traditional metrics and a new metric, Complete Grid Scan. It is shown that in our application, the new Automating-the-Loop method greatly reduces the labeling effort while producing comparable performance to both human-in-the-loop and complete manual labeling methods.

Bibtex:

@article{granland2020minimizing,
  title = {Detecting occluded Y-shaped fruit tree segments using automated iterative training with minimal labeling effort},
  journal = {Computers and Electronics in Agriculture},
  volume = {194},
  pages = {106747},
  year = {2022},
  issn = {0168-1699},
        doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2022.106747},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168169922000643},
  author = {Granland, Keenan and Newbury, Rhys and Chen, Zijue and Ting, David and Chen, Chao},
  keywords = {Self-Training, Semantic Segmentation, Semi-supervised Learning, Computer Vision, Agricultural Engineering}
}